Munsee and Unami have similar but not identical inventories of consonants and vowels, and have a significant number of phonological rules in common. For example, both languages share the same basic rules for assigning syllable weight and stress.[1] However, Unami has innovated by regularizing the assignment of stress in some verb forms so that the penultimate syllable is stressed even when the stress assignment rule would predict stress on the antepenultimate syllable.[2] As well, Unami has innovated relative to Munsee by adding phonological rules that significantly change the pronunciation of many Unami words relative to the corresponding Munsee words.[3]
This section focuses upon presenting general information about Munsee and Unami sounds and phonology, with detailed discussion reserved for entries for each language.
Munsee and Unami have the same basic inventories of consonants, as in the following chart.[4]
| Bilabial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | b | t | d | č /t̠/ | c /d̠/ | k | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | f /ɸ/ | v /β/ | s | z | š /ʃ/ | ž /ʒ/ | x | ɣ | h | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Lateral | l | r /ʟ/ | ||||||||
| Glides | w | y /ɹ̠/ | ||||||||
In addition, Unami is analysed as having contrastive long voiceless stops: p·, t·, č·, k·; and long voiceless fricatives: s·, š·, and x·.[5] The raised dot /·/ is used to indicate length of a preceding consonant or vowel. A full analysis and description of the status of the long consonants is not available, and more than one analysis of Delaware consonants has been proposed. Some analyses only recognize long stops and fricatives as predictable, i.e. as arising by rule.[6] The contrastive long consonants are described as having low functional yield, that is, they differentiate relatively few pairs of words, but nonetheless do occur in contrasting environments. Both languages have rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments.[7]
Several additional consonants occur in Munsee loan words: /f/ in e.g. nə̀fó·ti 'I vote'; /r/ in ntáyrəm.[8]
A number of alternate analyses of Munsee and Unami vowels have been proposed. In one, the two languages are analysed as having the same basic vowel system, consisting of four long vowels /i· o· e· a·/, and two short vowels /ə a/.[9] This vowel system is equivalent to the vowel system reconstructed for Proto-Eastern-Algonquian.[10] Alternative analyses reflect several differences between the two languages. In this analysis Munsee is analysed as having contrasting length in all positions, with the exception of /ə/.[8] In cells with two vowels, the first is long.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i·, i | o·, o | |
| Mid | e·, e | ə | |
| Low | a·, a |
Similarly, Unami vowels have also been analysed as organized into contrasting long-short pairs.[11] One asymmetry is that high short /u/ is paired with long /o·/, and the pairing of long and short /ə/ is noteworthy. In cells with two vowels, the first is long.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i·, i | o·, u | |
| Mid | e·, e | ə·, ə | ɔ·, ɔ |
| Low | a·, a |
References[]
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 21, 26
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 21, 26, 107, 130-131
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, Ch. 2
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 11
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. vi; see also Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 45 for a consonant chart
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1969; Pearson, Bruce, 1988
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 22, xii (rule U-6); p. 26 (rule U-27)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Goddard, Ives, 1982
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979: 11
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1979a, p. 96
- ↑ Goddard, Ives, 1997: 45