Hindustani phonology

Hindustani is the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan, and through its two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, an official language of India and Pakistan. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal.

Vowels

Hindustani vowel phonemes

	Front		Central	Back
	long	short		short	long
Close	iː	ɪ		ʊ	uː
Close mid	eː		ə		oː
Open mid	ɛː				ɔː
Open	(æː)				ɑː

Consonants

Phonemes of Hindustani

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	(ɳ)	(ɲ)	(ŋ)
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ʈ	tʃ	k	[q]
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɖ	dʒ	ɡ
	voiced aspirated	bʱ	dʱ	ɖʱ	dʒʱ	ɡʱ
Fricative	voiceless	[f]	s	(ʂ)	ʃ	[x]
	voiced		[z]		[ʒ]	[ɣ]		ɦ
Flap	plain		ɾ	(ɽ)
	voiced aspirated			(ɽʱ)
Approximant		ʋ	l		j

External links

• Hindustani phonology