The consonants of Hupa in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in slashes):
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labial. | plain | labial. | plain | labial. | ||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||||||
| Stop | plain | b /p/ | d /t/ | g, gy1 /kʲ/ | (G /k/)2 | q /q/ | ʼ /ʔ/ | ||||
| aspirated | t /tʰ/ | k, ky1 /kʲʰ/ | (K /kʰ/)2 | ||||||||
| ejective | tʼ /tʼ/ | kʼ, kyʼ1 /kʲʼ/ | (Kʼ /kʼ/)2 | qʼ /qʼ/ | |||||||
| Affricate | plain | dz /ts/ | j /tʃ/ | ||||||||
| aspirated | ts /tsʰ/ | chw /tʃʷʰ/ | |||||||||
| ejective | tsʼ /tsʼ/ | tłʼ /tɬʼ/ | chʼ /tʃʼ/ | (chwʼ /tʃʷʼ/)3 | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | (sh /ʃ/)4 | x /x/ | xw /xʷ/ | h /h/ | wh /hʷ/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | z /z/ | ʃ /ɮ/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | ɣ /ɣ/ | ɣw /ɣʷ/ | |||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | r /ɹ/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||||||
Notes about the consonant system and how it is written:[1]
- The palatal stops g, k, and kʼ are written gy, ky, and kyʼ before the letters a, o, and u.
- The velar stops G, K, and Kʼ have a limited distribution; G and K are only found in diminutive words.
- The sound chwʼ occurs mainly as a variant pronunciation of chw in some words.
- The sound sh is rare and occurs mainly in exclamations or loanwords.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close-mid | ɪ ~ e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | æ | a | ɑ |
Vowels may be lengthened.