For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages, but differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Consonant phonemes[]
Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there is a set of ejective consonants and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants which were apparently part of the ancient Ge'ez language and which, along with [x'], a velar or uvular ejective fricative, make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained the pharyngeal consonants.
The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, it is indicated in square brackets. The consonant /v/ appears in parentheses because it occurs only in recent borrowings from European languages.
The fricative sounds [x], [xʷ], [xʼ] and [xʷʼ] occur as allophones.
| Bilabial/ Labiodental |
Alveolar | Palato-alveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ñ [ɲ] | j [ŋ] | jw [ŋʷ] | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | č [tʃ] | c [k] | cw [kʷ] | q [ʡ] | ’ [ʔ] |
| voiced | b | d | ǧ [dʒ] | g [ɡ] | gw [ɡʷ] | |||
| ejective | p' [pʼ] | t' [tʼ] | č' [tʃʼ] | c' [kʼ] | cw' [kʷʼ] | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | š [ʃ] | x | xw [xʷ] | ḥ [ħ] | h |
| voiced | v | z | ž [ʒ] | ɣ | ɣw [ɣʷ] | ‘ [ʕ] | ||
| ejective | s' [sʼ] | x' [xʼ] | xw' [xʷʼ] | |||||
| Approximant | central | ʋ | ɫ | y [j] | ɯ [ɰ] | w | ||
| lateral | l | k [ʎ] | ł [ʟ] | |||||
| Trill | ř [ʙ] | r | ||||||
Vowel phonemes[]
The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, it is indicated in square brackets.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ə [ɨ] | u |
| Close-mid | ï [ɪ] | ü [ʊ] | |
| Mid | e | ë [ə] | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ä [ɐ] | ö [ɔ] |
| Open | æ | a | ʌ [ɑ] |
Gemination[]
Gemination, the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. /kʼɐrrɐbɐ/, ('he brought forth'); /kʼɐrɐbɐ/, ('he came closer'). All the consonants, with the exception of the pharyngeal and glottal, can be geminated.[1]
Allophones[]
The velar consonants /k/ and /kʼ/ are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not geminated. In these circumstances, /k/ is pronounced as a velar fricative. /kʼ/ is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an affricate. This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in the uvular place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as [xʼ]). All of these possible realizations - velar ejective fricative, uvular ejective fricative, velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate - are cross-linguistically very rare sounds.
Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered allophones of /k/ and /kʼ/. This is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning cry, which has the triconsonantal root |bky|, there are forms such as ምብካይ /məbkaj/ ('to cry') and በኸየ /bɐxɐjɐ/ ('he cried'), and for the verb meaning 'steal', which has the triconsonantal root |srkʼ|, there are forms such as ይሰርቁ /jəsɐrkʼu/ ('they steal') and ይሰርቕ /jəsɐrrəxʼ/ ('he steals').
What is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language.
Syllables[]
A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within a word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an epenthetic vowel ə, and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel i appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) ə is introduced before the suffix. For example,
- ከብዲ käbdi 'stomach', ልቢ ləbbi 'heart'
- -äy 'my', ከብደይ käbdäy 'my stomach', ልበይ ləbbäy 'my heart'
- -ka 'your (masc.)', ከብድኻ käbdəxa 'your (masc.) stomach', ልብኻ ləbbəxa 'your (masc.) heart'
- -n...-n 'and', ከብድን ልብን käbdən ləbbən 'stomach and heart'
Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated.
References[]
- ↑ Rehman, Abdel. English Tigrigna Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Tigrinya Language: (Asmara) Simon Wallenberg Press. Introduction Pages to the Tigrinya Language