Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u | |
| Close-mid | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | o | |
| Mid | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ʌ | ɔ | |
| Open | æ | a | ɶ | ɑ | ɒ | |
Yaminawa has /ɯ/ instead of /u/. Sharanawa, Yaminawa, and Yora have nasalized counterparts for each of the vowels, and demonstrate contrastive nasalization.
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| voiced | dz | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | θ | s | ʃ | ʂ | ç | x | h |
| voiced | β | ð | z | ʒ | ʐ | ʝ | ɣ | ɦ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Approximant | w | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||
| Flap | ⱱ̟ | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||
Yawanawá has a similar phonemic inventory to Yaminawa, but uses a voiced bilabial fricative /β/ in place of the voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/. Yawanawá and Sharanahua have an additional phoneme, the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/.Shanewana has a labiodental fricative /f/ instead of /ɸ/.
Tones[]
Yaminawa has contrastive tone, with two surface tones, high (H) and low (L).[1]
References[]
- ↑ Faust, Norma and Eugene Loos. (2002). Gramática de la lengua yaminahua. Serie lingüística peruana, no. 51. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.